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Sunday, 30 March 2025

Introduction to Arthology (joint) MBBS basic Science Quiz

Introduction to Arthology (joint) MBBS basic Science Quiz

 

Quiz
Connective tissue MBBS Basic Science Quiz

Connective tissue MBBS Basic Science Quiz

 

Quiz
Epithelial Tissue Basic scince MBBS

Epithelial Tissue Basic scince MBBS

 

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Friday, 7 March 2025

endocrine biochemistry mbbs basic science

endocrine biochemistry mbbs basic science

 



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1. **Question**: Which of the following hormones is derived from cholesterol?


   a) Insulin  

   b) Cortisol  

   c) Growth hormone  

   d) Prolactin


   **Correct Answer**: b) Cortisol  

   **Explanation**: Cortisol is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol, synthesized in the adrenal cortex.


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2. **Question**: The enzyme responsible for the conversion of T4 (thyroxine) to T3 (triiodothyronine) is:


   a) Thyroid peroxidase  

   b) Deiodinase  

   c) 11β-hydroxylase  

   d) 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase


   **Correct Answer**: b) Deiodinase  

   **Explanation**: Deiodinase enzymes are responsible for the conversion of T4 to the more active T3.


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3. **Question**: Which of the following is the precursor molecule for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?


   a) Tyrosine  

   b) Phenylalanine  

   c) Iodine  

   d) Glycogen


   **Correct Answer**: a) Tyrosine  

   **Explanation**: Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and iodine.


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4. **Question**: Insulin resistance primarily affects which of the following metabolic pathways?


   a) Glycogen synthesis  

   b) Lipid oxidation  

   c) Glucose uptake  

   d) Protein degradation


   **Correct Answer**: c) Glucose uptake  

   **Explanation**: Insulin resistance impairs glucose uptake in cells, particularly in muscle and adipose tissue.


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5. **Question**: The main site of synthesis for cortisol is:


   a) Liver  

   b) Adrenal cortex  

   c) Pancreas  

   d) Kidney


   **Correct Answer**: b) Adrenal cortex  

   **Explanation**: Cortisol is synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex.


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6. **Question**: Which of the following is NOT a steroid hormone?


   a) Aldosterone  

   b) Testosterone  

   c) Estrogen  

   d) Thyroxine


   **Correct Answer**: d) Thyroxine  

   **Explanation**: Thyroxine (T4) is an amino acid-derived hormone, not a steroid.


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7. **Question**: Which of the following hormones acts by a second messenger system involving cyclic AMP (cAMP)?


   a) Insulin  

   b) Thyroid hormone  

   c) Glucagon  

   d) Estrogen


   **Correct Answer**: c) Glucagon  

   **Explanation**: Glucagon acts via the cAMP second messenger system to stimulate glycogen breakdown and increase blood glucose.


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8. **Question**: The principal action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to:


   a) Stimulate calcium uptake from the intestines  

   b) Decrease calcium excretion by the kidneys  

   c) Increase phosphate excretion by the kidneys  

   d) All of the above


   **Correct Answer**: d) All of the above  

   **Explanation**: PTH raises blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines.


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9. **Question**: The precursor molecule for the synthesis of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) is:


   a) Phenylalanine  

   b) Tyrosine  

   c) Tryptophan  

   d) Glutamine


   **Correct Answer**: b) Tyrosine  

   **Explanation**: Catecholamines are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.


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10. **Question**: Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of insulin from proinsulin?


   a) Peptidyl transferase  

   b) Prohormone convertase  

   c) Glycogen synthase  

   d) Deiodinase


   **Correct Answer**: b) Prohormone convertase  

   **Explanation**: Prohormone convertase enzymes cleave proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide.


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11. **Question**: Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver?


   a) Insulin  

   b) Cortisol  

   c) Growth hormone  

   d) Prolactin


   **Correct Answer**: b) Cortisol  

   **Explanation**: Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.


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12. **Question**: Which of the following is a primary function of aldosterone?


   a) Stimulate sodium reabsorption in the kidneys  

   b) Stimulate calcium absorption in the intestines  

   c) Increase heart rate  

   d) Regulate blood glucose levels


   **Correct Answer**: a) Stimulate sodium reabsorption in the kidneys  

   **Explanation**: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys.


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13. **Question**: Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?


   a) Renin  

   b) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)  

   c) Aldosterone synthase  

   d) 11β-hydroxylase


   **Correct Answer**: b) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)  

   **Explanation**: ACE converts angiotensin I to the active form, angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure.


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14. **Question**: What is the mechanism of action of glucagon?


   a) Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway  

   b) Activation of adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP levels  

   c) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase  

   d) Stimulation of protein synthesis


   **Correct Answer**: b) Activation of adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP levels  

   **Explanation**: Glucagon activates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP levels, stimulating glycogen breakdown and increasing blood glucose levels.


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15. **Question**: Which of the following is the function of the hormone leptin?


   a) Decrease appetite  

   b) Increase appetite  

   c) Regulate calcium metabolism  

   d) Increase glucose uptake in cells


   **Correct Answer**: a) Decrease appetite  

   **Explanation**: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that decreases appetite by acting on the hypothalamus.


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16. **Question**: Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin?


   a) Inhibition of glycogen synthesis  

   b) Promotion of lipolysis  

   c) Promotion of glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue  

   d) Stimulation of gluconeogenesis


   **Correct Answer**: c) Promotion of glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue  

   **Explanation**: Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and adipose tissue.


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17. **Question**: Which of the following is true about thyroid hormone?


   a) It increases basal metabolic rate  

   b) It is synthesized in the anterior pituitary  

   c) It is water-soluble  

   d) It binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm


   **Correct Answer**: a) It increases basal metabolic rate  

   **Explanation**: Thyroid hormone increases the basal metabolic rate by stimulating metabolic processes in tissues.


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18. **Question**: What is the effect of increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion on bone?


   a) Bone resorption is increased  

   b) Bone formation is increased  

   c) Bone matrix is unaffected  

   d) Bone mineralization is promoted


   **Correct Answer**: a) Bone resorption is increased  

   **Explanation**: PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, leading to increased bone resorption and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.


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19. **Question**: Which of the following is a precursor for the synthesis of the steroid hormone estrogen?


   a) Cholesterol  

   b) Tyrosine  

   c) Progesterone  

   d) Cortisol


   **Correct Answer**: a) Cholesterol  

   **Explanation**: Estrogen is synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic steps in the gonads.


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20. **Question**: The primary action of somatostatin in the endocrine system is to:


   a) Stimulate insulin secretion  

   b) Inhibit growth hormone secretion  

   c) Promote glucagon release  

   d) Increase thyroid hormone production


   **Correct Answer**: b) Inhibit growth hormone secretion  

   **Explanation**: Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland and insulin from the pancreas.


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21. **Question**: What is the principal biochemical action of cortisol?


   a) Decreasing blood glucose  

   b) Promoting protein synthesis  

   c) Increasing blood glucose  

   d) Reducing sodium reabsorption


   **Correct Answer**: c) Increasing blood glucose  

   **Explanation**: Cortisol increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver and inhibiting insulin action.


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22. **Question**: Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?


   a) Cortisol  

   b) Melatonin  

   c) Prolactin  

   d) Growth hormone


   **Correct Answer**: b) Melatonin  

   **Explanation**: Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.


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23. **Question**: Which of the following is the primary role of the hormone ghrelin?


   a) Stimulate insulin secretion  

   b) Increase appetite  

   c) Decrease appetite  

   d) Increase energy expenditure


   **Correct Answer**: b) Increase appetite  

   **Explanation**: Ghrelin, produced in the stomach, stimulates appetite and increases food intake.


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24. **Question**: Which of the following hormones promotes lipogenesis in adipose tissue?


   a) Glucagon  

   b) Insulin  

   c) Cortisol  

   d) Growth hormone


   **Correct Answer**: b) Insulin  

   **Explanation**: Insulin promotes lipogenesis, the storage of fat, in adipose tissue by stimulating the uptake of glucose and its conversion into fatty acids.


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25. **Question**: Which of the following is the function of aldosterone in the renal system?


   a) Increase potassium excretion  

   b) Decrease sodium reabsorption  

   c) Promote water ex


cretion  

   d) Increase sodium reabsorption


   **Correct Answer**: d) Increase sodium reabsorption  

   **Explanation**: Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, which helps regulate blood pressure.


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MCQ quiz on endocrine pathology MBBS basic science

MCQ quiz on endocrine pathology MBBS basic science


  1. Question: Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

    a) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
    b) Graves' disease
    c) Thyroid adenoma
    d) Thyroid carcinoma

    Correct Answer: b) Graves' disease
    Explanation: Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, characterized by autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a hallmark feature of Addison's disease?

    a) Increased cortisol production
    b) Increased aldosterone production
    c) Decreased cortisol and aldosterone production
    d) Increased ACTH secretion

    Correct Answer: c) Decreased cortisol and aldosterone production
    Explanation: Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone due to adrenal gland failure.

  1. Question: The most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in the United States is:

    a) Iodine deficiency
    b) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
    c) Thyroid cancer
    d) Radiation therapy

    Correct Answer: b) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
    Explanation: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism, an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is attacked by the body’s immune system.

  1. Question: Which of the following is typically seen in a patient with Cushing's syndrome?

    a) Hyperpigmentation of the skin
    b) Moon face and buffalo hump
    c) Cold intolerance
    d) Weight loss

    Correct Answer: b) Moon face and buffalo hump
    Explanation: Cushing's syndrome, caused by excess cortisol, is associated with features such as moon face, buffalo hump, and central obesity.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

    a) Parathyroid carcinoma
    b) Parathyroid adenoma
    c) Secondary to chronic renal failure
    d) Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

    Correct Answer: b) Parathyroid adenoma
    Explanation: Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, leading to hypercalcemia.

  1. Question: The hallmark of pheochromocytoma is:

    a) Increased aldosterone secretion
    b) Increased catecholamine secretion
    c) Increased cortisol secretion
    d) Decreased thyroid hormone levels

    Correct Answer: b) Increased catecholamine secretion
    Explanation: Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla, leading to hypertension and symptoms like headaches, sweating, and palpitations.

  1. Question: The most common endocrine cause of infertility in women is:

    a) Cushing's syndrome
    b) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
    c) Hyperthyroidism
    d) Hypopituitarism

    Correct Answer: b) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
    Explanation: PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder affecting fertility in women, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries.

  1. Question: A 60-year-old woman presents with weight loss, palpitations, and exophthalmos. The most likely diagnosis is:

    a) Hypothyroidism
    b) Hyperparathyroidism
    c) Graves' disease
    d) Hashimoto's thyroiditis

    Correct Answer: c) Graves' disease
    Explanation: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, often associated with exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and other symptoms like weight loss and palpitations.

  1. Question: What is the main cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

    a) Parathyroid adenoma
    b) Chronic kidney disease
    c) Hypercalcemia
    d) Malignant hypercalcemia

    Correct Answer: b) Chronic kidney disease
    Explanation: In chronic kidney disease, reduced kidney function leads to decreased phosphate excretion and vitamin D production, resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism.

  1. Question: In which of the following conditions would you expect to see the "wooden" feeling of the skin?

a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Scleroderma
c) Acromegaly
d) Hyperthyroidism

Correct Answer: b) Scleroderma
Explanation: Scleroderma, an autoimmune disorder, results in thickening and hardening of the skin, often described as a "wooden" feeling.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a feature of hyperaldosteronism?

a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypercalcemia
d) Hyponatremia

Correct Answer: b) Hypokalemia
Explanation: Hyperaldosteronism leads to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion, resulting in hypokalemia and hypertension.

  1. Question: The most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a deficiency in:

a) 21-hydroxylase
b) 11β-hydroxylase
c) 17α-hydroxylase
d) 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Correct Answer: a) 21-hydroxylase
Explanation: The most common cause of CAH is a deficiency in 21-hydroxylase, leading to reduced cortisol production and adrenal hyperplasia.

  1. Question: What is the most common cause of acromegaly?

a) Pituitary adenoma
b) Growth hormone resistance
c) Hypothalamic dysfunction
d) Ectopic growth hormone production

Correct Answer: a) Pituitary adenoma
Explanation: Acromegaly is most commonly caused by a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma.

  1. Question: In a patient with a history of diabetes and recent weight loss, the most likely cause of their symptoms is:

a) Insulin resistance
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Addison's disease
d) Diabetic ketoacidosis

Correct Answer: d) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Explanation: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes, often presenting with weight loss, polyuria, and ketoacidosis due to insulin deficiency.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of myxedema coma?

a) Hyperthermia
b) Hypertension
c) Hypothermia
d) Tachycardia

Correct Answer: c) Hypothermia
Explanation: Myxedema coma is a severe form of hypothyroidism, often presenting with hypothermia, bradycardia, and altered mental status.

  1. Question: Which of the following is most commonly associated with the development of thyroid carcinoma?

a) Chronic iodine deficiency
b) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
c) Radiation exposure
d) Diabetes mellitus

Correct Answer: c) Radiation exposure
Explanation: Radiation exposure, particularly during childhood, is a significant risk factor for thyroid carcinoma.

  1. Question: The condition characterized by increased cortisol production due to a pituitary adenoma is called:

a) Cushing's disease
b) Cushing's syndrome
c) Addison's disease
d) Conn's syndrome

Correct Answer: a) Cushing's disease
Explanation: Cushing's disease refers to Cushing's syndrome caused specifically by a pituitary adenoma that secretes excess ACTH, leading to increased cortisol production.

  1. Question: Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of hypoparathyroidism?

a) Hypocalcemia
b) Hyperphosphatemia
c) Tetany
d) Hypercalcemia

Correct Answer: d) Hypercalcemia
Explanation: Hypoparathyroidism typically results in hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, leading to tetany, not hypercalcemia.

  1. Question: A common finding in a patient with diabetes mellitus is:

a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypoglycemia
c) Polyuria
d) Hypothermia

Correct Answer: c) Polyuria
Explanation: Polyuria (excessive urination) is common in diabetes mellitus due to the osmotic diuresis caused by high blood glucose levels.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the most common cause of secondary hypothyroidism?

a) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
b) Pituitary adenoma
c) Thyroidectomy
d) Iodine deficiency

Correct Answer: b) Pituitary adenoma
Explanation: Secondary hypothyroidism occurs due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction, often caused by pituitary adenomas.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a common sign of hypercalcemia?

a) Muscle cramps
b) Constipation
c) Hyperreflexia
d) Diarrhea

Correct Answer: b) Constipation
Explanation: Hypercalcemia often causes symptoms like constipation, lethargy, and muscle weakness due to the effects of high calcium levels.

  1. Question: A condition in which there is an absence of cortisol and aldosterone production due to adrenal destruction is known as:

a) Cushing’s syndrome
b) Addison’s disease
c) Conn’s syndrome
d) Pheochromocytoma

Correct Answer: b) Addison’s disease
Explanation: Addison's disease is characterized by the destruction of the adrenal cortex, leading to deficiencies in cortisol and aldosterone.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the most common cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

a) Hypokalemia
b) Hypercalcemia
c) Chronic kidney disease
d) Lithium therapy

Correct Answer: d) Lithium therapy
Explanation: Lithium therapy is a common cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, where the kidneys are unresponsive to ADH.

  1. Question: In hyperparathyroidism, the primary cause of hypercalcemia is:

a) Increased renal calcium excretion
b) Increased calcium absorption in the intestines
c) Increased calcium release from bones
d) Decreased vitamin D activation

Correct Answer: c) Increased calcium release from bones
Explanation: In hyperparathyroidism, excessive parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption, leading to hypercalcemia.

  1. Question: The most common cause of hypoglycemia in non-diabetic adults is:

a) Insulinoma
b) Addison's disease
c) Hypopituitarism
d) Alcohol-induced hypoglycemia

Correct Answer: a) Insulinoma
Explanation: An insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that produces excess insulin, leading to hypoglycemia in non-diabetic individuals.


  1. Question: A common cause of secondary hypogonadism is:

a) Klinefelter's syndrome
b) Hypopituitarism
c) Turner syndrome
d) Cryptorchidism

Correct Answer: b) Hypopituitarism
Explanation: Hypopituitarism, a condition where the pituitary gland fails to produce sufficient hormones, can result in secondary hypogonadism, which leads to impaired gonadal function.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a classic feature of hyperthyroidism in a patient with Graves' disease?

a) Weight gain
b) Bradycardia
c) Exophthalmos
d) Cold intolerance

Correct Answer: c) Exophthalmos
Explanation: Exophthalmos, or bulging of the eyes, is a hallmark sign of Graves' disease, which is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is typically elevated in primary hyperparathyroidism?

a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b) Calcitonin
c) Vitamin D
d) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Correct Answer: a) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Explanation: In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid glands secrete excess PTH, which leads to hypercalcemia.

  1. Question: A 25-year-old male presents with a small, painless, firm nodule in his thyroid. His TSH and T3/T4 levels are normal. The next best step in management is:

a) Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy
b) Thyroidectomy
c) Observation with repeat ultrasound in 6 months
d) Radioactive iodine scan

Correct Answer: a) Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy
Explanation: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is the standard next step in evaluating thyroid nodules to rule out malignancy, particularly if the nodule is firm and persistent.

  1. Question: A condition that leads to an increased risk of adrenal insufficiency due to bilateral destruction of the adrenal glands is:

a) Cushing's syndrome
b) Addison's disease
c) Conn's syndrome
d) Pheochromocytoma

Correct Answer: b) Addison's disease
Explanation: Addison’s disease causes bilateral adrenal gland destruction, leading to insufficient production of adrenal hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.

  1. Question: In a patient with pheochromocytoma, which of the following would you expect to find in their urine?

a) Elevated levels of cortisol
b) Increased urinary catecholamines
c) Decreased urinary catecholamines
d) Elevated levels of thyroid hormones

Correct Answer: b) Increased urinary catecholamines
Explanation: Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excess catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to elevated levels of these compounds in the urine.

  1. Question: The most common complication of untreated hyperthyroidism is:

a) Stroke
b) Cardiac arrhythmias
c) Sepsis
d) Bone fractures

Correct Answer: b) Cardiac arrhythmias
Explanation: Untreated hyperthyroidism, especially in conditions like Graves' disease, increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a clinical feature of hypothyroidism?

a) Tachycardia
b) Weight loss
c) Bradycardia
d) Heat intolerance

Correct Answer: c) Bradycardia
Explanation: Hypothyroidism often leads to bradycardia, fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance due to the slowed metabolism caused by low thyroid hormone levels.

  1. Question: In a patient with acromegaly, which of the following is typically elevated?

a) Growth hormone
b) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
c) Prolactin
d) Parathyroid hormone

Correct Answer: a) Growth hormone
Explanation: Acromegaly is typically caused by a pituitary adenoma that secretes excess growth hormone, leading to overgrowth of tissues and bones.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the hallmark sign of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

a) Hypoglycemia
b) Metabolic alkalosis
c) Kussmaul respirations
d) Polycythemia

Correct Answer: c) Kussmaul respirations
Explanation: Kussmaul respirations, which are deep and labored breathing, are a characteristic feature of diabetic ketoacidosis as the body attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis.

  1. Question: A 40-year-old female presents with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual disturbances. Imaging reveals a pituitary tumor. The most likely diagnosis is:

a) Prolactinoma
b) Cushing's disease
c) Acromegaly
d) Craniopharyngioma

Correct Answer: a) Prolactinoma
Explanation: Prolactinoma, a benign pituitary tumor, leads to elevated prolactin levels, which can cause symptoms such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and visual disturbances due to compression of surrounding structures.

  1. Question: The condition characterized by pituitary hyperplasia, often resulting in low levels of TSH and ACTH despite low circulating levels of thyroid hormone and cortisol, is:

a) Secondary hypothyroidism
b) Primary hypothyroidism
c) Cushing's disease
d) Sheehan's syndrome

Correct Answer: a) Secondary hypothyroidism
Explanation: In secondary hypothyroidism, the pituitary fails to secrete adequate TSH and ACTH, despite low thyroid hormone and cortisol levels in the body.

  1. Question: What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in older adults?

a) Graves' disease
b) Thyroiditis
c) Toxic multinodular goiter
d) Thyroid carcinoma

Correct Answer: c) Toxic multinodular goiter
Explanation: Toxic multinodular goiter is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in older adults, characterized by autonomously functioning thyroid nodules.

  1. Question: In a patient with Addison's disease, what laboratory finding is typically observed?

a) Low plasma sodium
b) Low potassium levels
c) High plasma glucose
d) Low ACTH levels

Correct Answer: a) Low plasma sodium
Explanation: In Addison's disease, low aldosterone secretion causes a loss of sodium and water, resulting in hyponatremia (low plasma sodium) and dehydration.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a common sign of Conn's syndrome?

a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Hypercalcemia
d) Hypoglycemia

Correct Answer: b) Hypokalemia
Explanation: Conn's syndrome is caused by an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor, leading to sodium retention, potassium excretion, and resulting hypokalemia.

  1. Question: The most common presenting symptom of pituitary adenomas is:

a) Visual disturbances
b) Severe headache
c) Polyuria
d) Galactorrhea

Correct Answer: a) Visual disturbances
Explanation: Pituitary adenomas, especially those that enlarge, can compress the optic chiasm, leading to visual disturbances such as bitemporal hemianopia.

  1. Question: A patient with untreated hyperparathyroidism is at increased risk for which of the following?

a) Osteoporosis
b) Rickets
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Thyroid cancer

Correct Answer: a) Osteoporosis
Explanation: Chronic hyperparathyroidism results in increased bone resorption, which can lead to osteoporosis and an increased risk of fractures.

  1. Question: The most likely cause of hypoglycemia in a patient with a history of insulin therapy is:

a) Adrenal insufficiency
b) Hypopituitarism
c) Insulin overdose
d) Hypokalemia

Correct Answer: c) Insulin overdose
Explanation: Hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients is most often caused by an insulin overdose or mismatch between insulin and food intake.

  1. Question: A patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with confusion, ataxia, and a history of poor dietary intake. The most likely diagnosis is:

a) Hypercalcemia
b) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
c) Diabetic ketoacidosis
d) Hypothyroidism

Correct Answer: b) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Explanation: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency, often due to chronic alcoholism, leading to confusion, ataxia, and memory disturbances.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a common finding in patients with diabetes mellitus?

a) Hyperkalemia
b) Polydipsia
c) Hypertension
d) Hypercalcemia

Correct Answer: b) Polydipsia
Explanation: Polydipsia (excessive thirst) is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus due to the high blood glucose levels that lead to osmotic diuresis.

  1. Question: The classic triad of pheochromocytoma includes:

a) Hypertension, headache, and diaphoresis
b) Hypercalcemia, kidney stones, and fatigue
c) Weight gain, cold intolerance, and bradycardia
d) Abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice

Correct Answer: a) Hypertension, headache, and diaphoresis
Explanation: The classic triad of pheochromocytoma includes episodes of hypertension, headache, and diaphoresis (excessive sweating).


Endocrine Anatomy MCQ MBBS basic science

Endocrine Anatomy MCQ MBBS basic science

  1. Question: Which gland is responsible for the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development?

  2. a) Pineal gland
    b) Thyroid gland
    c) Adrenal gland
    d) Pituitary gland

    Correct Answer: b) Thyroid gland
    Explanation: The thyroid gland regulates metabolism, growth, and development through the secretion of thyroid hormones.

  1. Question: Which of the following is required for crystallization and storage of the hormone insulin?

    a) Mn++
    b) Mg++
    c) Ca++
    d) Zn++

    Correct Answer: d) Zn++
    Explanation: Zinc ions are crucial for the crystallization and storage of insulin in the pancreas.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas?

    a) Insulin
    b) Glucagon
    c) Somatostatin
    d) Cortisol

    Correct Answer: b) Glucagon
    Explanation: Glucagon is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and raises blood glucose levels.

  1. Question: The secretion of which hormone is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus?

    a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    b) Prolactin
    c) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    d) Cortisol

    Correct Answer: a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    Explanation: TSH secretion is controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

  1. Question: Which hormone is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?

    a) Cortisol
    b) Adrenaline
    c) Insulin
    d) Growth hormone

    Correct Answer: b) Adrenaline
    Explanation: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is responsible for preparing the body for a fight or flight response.

  1. Question: The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases which of the following hormones?

    a) Prolactin
    b) Oxytocin
    c) Growth hormone
    d) Thyrotropin

    Correct Answer: b) Oxytocin
    Explanation: Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

  1. Question: Which of the following glands is located in the neck region?

    a) Pineal gland
    b) Thyroid gland
    c) Parathyroid gland
    d) Both b and c

    Correct Answer: d) Both b and c
    Explanation: Both the thyroid and parathyroid glands are located in the neck region.

  1. Question: The adrenal cortex produces all of the following except:

    a) Aldosterone
    b) Cortisol
    c) Androgens
    d) Adrenaline

    Correct Answer: d) Adrenaline
    Explanation: Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal medulla, not the cortex.

  1. Question: The release of thyroid hormones is primarily regulated by:

    a) Cortisol
    b) Insulin
    c) TSH
    d) GH

    Correct Answer: c) TSH
    Explanation: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.

  1. Question: The adrenal medulla secretes which of the following hormones?

a) Aldosterone
b) Cortisol
c) Epinephrine
d) Prolactin

Correct Answer: c) Epinephrine
Explanation: The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

  1. Question: Which hormone stimulates milk production in the mammary glands?

a) Prolactin
b) Oxytocin
c) Estrogen
d) Progesterone

Correct Answer: a) Prolactin
Explanation: Prolactin is responsible for the initiation of milk production in the mammary glands.

  1. Question: The pineal gland produces which of the following hormones?

a) Melatonin
b) Insulin
c) Thyroxine
d) Aldosterone

Correct Answer: a) Melatonin
Explanation: The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

  1. Question: The parathyroid glands are located:

a) In the brain
b) Near the kidneys
c) Behind the thyroid gland
d) In the abdominal cavity

Correct Answer: c) Behind the thyroid gland
Explanation: The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the primary function of aldosterone?

a) Increase blood glucose
b) Promote water reabsorption in kidneys
c) Stimulate milk production
d) Inhibit the immune response

Correct Answer: b) Promote water reabsorption in kidneys
Explanation: Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and water balance by promoting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

  1. Question: The hormone responsible for the regulation of blood calcium levels is:

a) Insulin
b) Parathyroid hormone
c) Thyroid hormone
d) Cortisol

Correct Answer: b) Parathyroid hormone
Explanation: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood calcium levels by increasing calcium release from bones.

  1. Question: Which part of the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?

a) Anterior pituitary
b) Posterior pituitary
c) Both anterior and posterior pituitary
d) Hypothalamus

Correct Answer: a) Anterior pituitary
Explanation: Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

  1. Question: Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?

a) Promotes glucose uptake by cells
b) Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen
c) Lowers blood glucose levels
d) Promotes fat storage

Correct Answer: b) Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen
Explanation: Insulin promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen, rather than breaking it down.

  1. Question: Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of the circadian rhythm?

a) Insulin
b) Melatonin
c) Estrogen
d) Prolactin

Correct Answer: b) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms.

  1. Question: The hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone is:

a) Somatostatin
b) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
c) Prolactin
d) Oxytocin

Correct Answer: a) Somatostatin
Explanation: Somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary.

  1. Question: Which of the following glands is also known as the "master gland"?

a) Adrenal gland
b) Pituitary gland
c) Thyroid gland
d) Pineal gland

Correct Answer: b) Pituitary gland
Explanation: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls the secretion of other endocrine glands.

  1. Question: The main function of the thymus is to:

a) Regulate metabolism
b) Produce red blood cells
c) Support immune function
d) Secrete insulin

Correct Answer: c) Support immune function
Explanation: The thymus plays a key role in the development of T-cells, which are important for the immune system.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones promotes the formation of milk in the mammary glands?

a) Oxytocin
b) Growth hormone
c) Prolactin
d) Thyroid hormone

Correct Answer: c) Prolactin
Explanation: Prolactin is the primary hormone involved in the production of milk.

  1. Question: The hypothalamus is located in which part of the brain?

a) Cerebellum
b) Diencephalon
c) Brainstem
d) Cerebrum

Correct Answer: b) Diencephalon
Explanation: The hypothalamus is located in the diencephalon, part of the brain involved in regulating endocrine functions.

  1. Question: The thyroid gland produces:

a) Calcitonin
b) Parathyroid hormone
c) Insulin
d) Epinephrine

Correct Answer: a) Calcitonin
Explanation: The thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is released by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels?

a) Glucagon
b) Insulin
c) Both a and b
d) Somatostatin

Correct Answer: c) Both a and b
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises blood glucose levels.

  1. Question: The pancreas is classified as a:

a) Endocrine gland
b) Exocrine gland
c) Both endocrine and exocrine
d) None of the above

Correct Answer: c) Both endocrine and exocrine
Explanation: The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (digestive enzymes) functions.

  1. Question: The hormone that increases the blood glucose level by promoting glycogen breakdown is:

a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone

Correct Answer: b) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, increasing blood glucose levels.

  1. Question: The primary function of cortisol is:

a) Stimulate milk production
b) Regulate blood glucose levels
c) Control metabolism
d) Both b and c

Correct Answer: d) Both b and c
Explanation: Cortisol helps regulate blood glucose and plays a role in metabolism and stress response.

  1. Question: Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating the water balance of the body?

a) Prolactin
b) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
c) Oxytocin
d) Calcitonin

Correct Answer: b) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Explanation: ADH helps the kidneys retain water and regulate body fluid balance.

  1. Question: The adrenal glands are located:

a) On top of the kidneys
b) In the brain
c) In the neck
d) In the pelvic region

Correct Answer: a) On top of the kidneys
Explanation: The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and are involved in stress responses and metabolic functions.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

a) Epinephrine
b) Norepinephrine
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone

Correct Answer: c) Cortisol
Explanation: The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, a hormone involved in stress response and metabolism.

  1. Question: The hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the body is:

a) Insulin
b) Thyroid hormone
c) Parathyroid hormone
d) Aldosterone

Correct Answer: c) Parathyroid hormone
Explanation: Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones and enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the major action of thyroid hormones?

a) Control growth and metabolism
b) Stimulate milk production
c) Control blood pressure
d) Control insulin secretion

Correct Answer: a) Control growth and metabolism
Explanation: Thyroid hormones regulate growth, metabolism, and energy expenditure.

  1. Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome?

a) Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
b) Hypersecretion of cortisol
c) Hyposecretion of insulin
d) Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Correct Answer: b) Hypersecretion of cortisol
Explanation: Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol production.

  1. Question: The hormone secreted by the pancreas that inhibits insulin and glucagon release is:

a) Somatostatin
b) Cortisol
c) Epinephrine
d) Testosterone

Correct Answer: a) Somatostatin
Explanation: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is associated with stress response?

a) Insulin
b) Cortisol
c) Thyroxine
d) Estrogen

Correct Answer: b) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is a stress hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex during stressful situations.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is produced by the posterior pituitary?

a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Oxytocin
d) Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Correct Answer: c) Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

  1. Question: Which of the following is the result of aldosterone secretion?

a) Increased sodium retention
b) Increased calcium absorption
c) Increased glucose metabolism
d) Decreased blood pressure

Correct Answer: a) Increased sodium retention
Explanation: Aldosterone increases sodium retention in the kidneys, which helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

  1. Question: The hormone involved in controlling the release of cortisol is:

a) ACTH
b) TSH
c) GH
d) FSH

Correct Answer: a) ACTH
Explanation: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

  1. Question: Which of the following glands is involved in the production of estrogen?

a) Pituitary gland
b) Thyroid gland
c) Ovaries
d) Adrenal glands

Correct Answer: c) Ovaries
Explanation: Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries.

  1. Question: The function of the hypothalamus is:

a) To produce and release hormones
b) To control hunger and thirst
c) To regulate body temperature
d) All of the above

Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: The hypothalamus controls various autonomic functions, including hormone release, hunger, thirst, and temperature regulation.

  1. Question: The main action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is to:

a) Stimulate insulin secretion
b) Stimulate growth hormone release
c) Stimulate the production of thyroid hormones
d) Stimulate milk production

Correct Answer: c) Stimulate the production of thyroid hormones
Explanation: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

  1. Question: The release of insulin is primarily regulated by:

a) Blood glucose levels
b) Calcium levels
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone

Correct Answer: a) Blood glucose levels
Explanation: Insulin release is triggered by increased blood glucose levels.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is responsible for the maturation of T-cells?

a) Thymosin
b) Insulin
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone

Correct Answer: a) Thymosin
Explanation: Thymosin is secreted by the thymus gland and is essential for the maturation of T-cells.

  1. Question: The gland responsible for the release of parathyroid hormone is the:

a) Pineal gland
b) Thyroid gland
c) Parathyroid gland
d) Adrenal gland

Correct Answer: c) Parathyroid gland
Explanation: The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone, which helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

  1. Question: The primary action of estrogen is to:

a) Stimulate milk production
b) Promote development of female reproductive organs
c) Increase blood pressure
d) Promote bone resorption

Correct Answer: b) Promote development of female reproductive organs
Explanation: Estrogen promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and the maintenance of the female reproductive system.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones regulates sodium and water balance in the kidneys?

a) Cortisol
b) Aldosterone
c) Parathyroid hormone
d) Insulin

Correct Answer: b) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to promote sodium reabsorption and water retention.

  1. Question: Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism?

a) Calcitonin
b) Parathyroid hormone
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

Correct Answer: c) Both a and b
Explanation: Both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate blood calcium levels by controlling its release from bones.

  1. Question: The main function of the hormone prolactin is:

a) To regulate metabolism
b) To stimulate milk production
c) To regulate blood pressure
d) To control stress response

Correct Answer: b) To stimulate milk production
Explanation: Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.

  1. Question: The hormone responsible for the "fight or flight" response and produced by the adrenal medulla is:

a) Adrenaline
b) Cortisol
c) Insulin
d) Progesterone

Correct Answer: a) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline (epinephrine) is produced by the adrenal medulla and is crucial in preparing the body for a "fight or flight" response during stress.


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